Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications, 2nd Edition, 光学のスペックル現象：理論と応用, 第2版, 9781510631489, 978-1-5106-3148-9

Description

Speckle, a granular structure appearing in images and diffraction patterns produced by objects that are rough on the scale of an optical wavelength, is a ubiquitous phenomenon, appearing in optics, acoustics, microwaves, and other fields. This book provides comprehensive coverage of this subject, including both the underlying statistical theory and the applications of this phenomenon. This second edition offers improvements of several topics and addition of significant amounts of new material, including discussion of: generalized random walks, speckle in the eye, polarization speckle (and the statistics of the Stokes parameters in a speckle pattern), the effects of angle and wavelength changes on speckle, the statistics of speckle from “smooth” surfaces, and a spectrometer based on speckle. Many new references are also included. As with the first edition, a multitude of areas of application are covered.

Contents:

1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle
1.1 General Background
1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle
1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries

2 Random Phasor Sums
2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor
2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps
2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor
2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums
2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components
2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases

3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle
3.1 Definition of Intensity
3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase
3.2.1 Large number of random phasors
3.2.2 Constant phasor plus a random phasor sum
3.2.3 Finite number of equal-length phasors
3.2.4 Finite number of random-length phasors
3.2.5 Random number of random-length phasors
3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns
3.3.1 Sums on an amplitude basis
3.3.2 Sum of two independent speckle intensities
3.3.3 Sum of N independent speckle intensities
3.3.4 Sums of correlated speckle intensities
3.4 Partially Developed Speckle
3.5 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics
3.5.1 Speckle driven by a negative-exponential intensity distribution
3.5.2 Speckle driven by a gamma intensity distribution
3.5.3 Sums of independent speckle patterns driven by a gamma intensity distribution

4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Speckle
4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics
4.2 Application to Speckle Fields
4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase, and Intensity
4.3.1 The bivariate density function
4.3.2 Joint density function of the amplitudes
4.3.3 Joint density function of the phases
4.3.4 Joint density function of the intensities
4.4 Bivariate Statistics of a Linearly Polarized Speckle Pattern
4.5 Speckle and Polarization
4.6 Statistics of the Stokes Parameters in a Fully Developed Speckle Pattern
4.6.1 Statistics of S0
4.6.2 Statistics of S1
4.6.3 Statistics of S2
4.6.4 Statistics of S3
4.6.5 Polarization speckle
4.7 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle
4.7.1 Mean and variance of integrated speckle
4.7.2 Approximate result for the probability density function of integrated intensity
4.7.3 "Exact" result for the probability density function of integrated intensity
4.7.4 Lorenz transformation
4.8 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase
4.8.1 Background
4.8.2 Derivatives of speckle phase: ray directions in a speckle pattern
4.8.3 Derivatives of speckle intensity
4.8.4 Level crossings of speckle patterns
4.9 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices
4.9.1 Conditions required for a zero of intensity to occur
4.9.2 Properties of speckle phase in the vicinity of a zero of intensity
4.9.3 The density of vortices in fully developed speckle
4.9.4 The density of vortices for fully developed speckle plus a coherent background

5 Spatial Structure of Speckle
5.1 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle
5.1.1 Free-space propagation geometry
5.1.2 Imaging geometry
5.2 Speckle Size in Depth
5.3 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure
5.3.1 Surface vs. volume scattering
5.3.2 Effect of a finite correlation area of the scattered wave
5.3.3 A regime where speckle size is independent of scattering spot size
5.4 Effects of Surface Microstructure on the Reflected Wave
5.4.1 Correlation function of the reflected wave
5.4.2 Illumination normal to the surface
5.5 Effects of a Change of Illumination Angle in Free-Space Propagation
5.6 Effect of a Change of Wavelength in Free-Space Propagation
5.7 Simultaneous Changes of Illumination Angle and Wavelength
5.8 Speckle in a Simple Imaging System: In-Focus Case
5.9 Speckle in a Simple Imaging System: Out-of-Focus Cases
5.10 Effects of Pupil Size and rms Roughness on Speckle Contrast
5.11 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering

6 Optical Methods for Suppressing Speckle
6.1 Polarization Diversity
6.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser
6.2.1 Background
6.2.2 Smooth object
6.2.3 Rough object
6.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity
6.3.1 Free-space propagation: reflection geometry
6.3.2 Free-space propagation: transmission geometry
6.3.3 Imaging geometry
6.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction
6.4.1 Coherence concepts in optics
6.4.2 Moving diffusers and coherence reduction
6.4.3 Speckle suppression by reduction of temporal coherence
6.4.4 Speckle suppression by reduction of spatial coherence
6.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence
6.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques

7 Speckle in Certain Imaging Applications
7.1 Speckle in the Eye
7.2 Speckle in Holography
7.2.1 Principles of holography
7.2.2 Speckle suppression in holographic images
7.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography
7.3.1 Overview of the OCT imaging technique
7.3.2 Analysis of OCT
7.3.3 Speckle and speckle suppression in OCT
7.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays
7.4.1 Anatomies of projection displays
7.4.2 Speckle suppression in projection displays
7.4.3 Polarization diversity
7.4.4 A moving screen
7.4.5 Wavelength diversity
7.4.6 Angle diversity
7.4.7 Overdesign of the projection optics
7.4.8 Changing the diffuser projected onto the screen
7.4.9 Specially designed screens
7.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography
7.5.1 Coherence properties of excimer lasers
7.5.2 Temporal speckle
7.5.3 From exposure fluctuations to line position fluctuations
7.6 Speckle in the Image of a "Smooth" Surface
7.6.1 Symmetry of the spectral intensity in the focal plane
7.6.2 Bright-field imaging
7.6.3 Dark-field imaging

8 Speckle in Certain Nonimaging Applications
8.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers
8.1.1 Modal noise in fibers
8.1.2 Statistics of constrained speckle
8.1.3 Frequency dependence of modal noise
8.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance
8.2.1 Spatial correlation of the speckle returned from distant targets
8.2.2 Speckle at low light levels
8.2.3 Detection statistics: direct detection
8.2.4 Detection statistics: heterodyne detection
8.2.5 Comparison of direct detection and heterodyne detection
8.2.6 Reduction of the effects of speckle in optical radar detection
8.3 A Spectrometer Based on Speckle

9 Speckle and Metrology
9.1 Speckle Photography
9.1.1 In-plane displacement
9.1.2 Simulation
9.1.3 Properties of the spectra Ik(vX, vY)
9.1.4 Limitations on the amount of the motion (x0, y0)
9.1.5 Analysis with multiple specklegram windows
9.1.6 Object rotation
9.2 Speckle Interferometry
9.2.1 Systems that use photographic detection
9.2.2 Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI)
9.2.3 Speckle shearing interferometry
9.3 From Fringe Patterns to Phase Maps
9.3.1 The Fourier transform method
9.3.2 Phase-shifting speckle interferometry
9.3.3 Phase unwrapping
9.4 Vibration Measurement Using Speckle
9.5 Speckle and Surface Roughness Measurements
9.5.1 RMS surface height and surface covariance area from speckle contrast
9.5.2 RMS surface height from two-wavelength decorrelation
9.5.3 RMS surface height from two-angle decorrelation
9.5.4 Surface-height standard deviation and covariance function from measurement of the angular power spectrum

10 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere
10.1 Background
10.2 Short- and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions
10.3 Long- and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions
10.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF
10.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry
10.5.1 Object information that is retrievable
10.5.2 Results of a more complete analysis of the form of the speckle transfer function
10.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox?Thompson Technique
10.6.1 The cross-spectrum transfer function
10.6.2 Recovering full object information from the cross-spectrum
10.7 The Bispectrum Technique
10.7.1 The bispectrum transfer function
10.7.2 Recovering full object information from the bispectrum
10.8 Speckle Correlography